Including Dichondraceae Dum., Erycib(ac)eae Endl., Poranaceae J.G. Agardh
Excluding Cuscutaceae, Humbertiaceae
Habit and leaf form. Herbs (mostly, climbing or trailing), or shrubs, or lianas, or trees (a few); laticiferous (usually), or non-laticiferous and without coloured juice. Plants succulent, or non-succulent; autotrophic. With neither basal nor terminal aggregations of leaves. Trailing or climbing (nearly always), or self supporting; stem twiners (characteristically), or scrambling. Helophytic, mesophytic, and xerophytic. Leaves alternate; spiral; `herbaceous', or fleshy; petiolate (mostly), or subsessile, or sessile; non-sheathing; simple. Lamina dissected, or entire (entire or lobed); when dissected, pinnatifid, or palmately lobed; pinnately veined, or palmately veined; cross-venulate; cordate, or hastate, or sagittate. Leaves exstipulate; without a persistent basal meristem.
General anatomy. Plants with laticifers (usually, these articulated and non-anastomosing), or without laticifers.
Leaf anatomy. Lamina dorsiventral, or isobilateral. The mesophyll with sclerencymatous idioblasts, or without sclerenchymatous idioblasts. Minor leaf veins without phloem transfer cells (Convolvulus, Ipomaea).
Stem anatomy. Cork cambium present; initially deep-seated (rarely?), or superficial. Nodes unilacunar. Cortical bundles absent. Medullary bundles present (rarely), or absent. Internal phloem present (commonly), or absent. Secondary thickening anomalous (often), or developing from a conventional cambial ring; via concentric cambia (commonly), or from a single cambial ring. `Included' phloem present, or absent. Xylem with tracheids; with fibre tracheids (in addition to tracheids), or without fibre tracheids; with vessels. Vessel end-walls simple. Sieve-tube plastids S-type. Pith with diaphragms, or without diaphragms.
Reproductive type, pollination. Hermaphrodite (usually), or dioecious (Hildebrandtia).
Inflorescence, floral, fruit and seed morphology. Flowers solitary, or aggregated in `inflorescences'; in cymes. The terminal inflorescence unit cymose. Inflorescences nearly always simple or compound dichasia, or a cincinnus; with involucral bracts (often), or without involucral bracts. Flowers bracteate; bracteolate (usually?), or ebracteolate (e.g. Wilsonia); medium-sized, or large; regular to somewhat irregular. The floral asymmetry (when noticeable) involving the perianth (K only). Flowers usually 5 merous; cyclic; tetracyclic. Free hypanthium absent. Hypogynous disk present; annular.
Perianth with distinct calyx and corolla; 10; 2 whorled; isomerous. Calyx 5; 1 whorled; polysepalous, or gamosepalous (rarely); persistent; imbricate; with the odd member posterior. Corolla 5; 1 whorled; gamopetalous; valvate and plicate, or contorted and plicate; tubular (mostly, more or less), or campanulate, or urceolate; nearly always regular.
Androecium 5. Androecial members adnate (to the base of the corolla); all equal, or markedly unequal (often); free of one another; 1 - whorled. Androecium exclusively of fertile stamens. Stamens 5; oppositisepalous. Anthers dehiscing via longitudinal slits; introrse; tetrasporangiate. Microsporogenesis simultaneous. The initial microspore tetrads tetrahedral, or decussate. Anther wall initially with one middle layer; of the `dicot' type. Tapetum glandular. Pollen grains aperturate; 3 - aperturate, or 4-20 - aperturate (to polyforaminate); colpate (including rupate), or porate, or colporate (?), or foraminate, or rugate; 2-celled, or 3-celled.
Gynoecium 2(-5); syncarpous; synovarious to eu-syncarpous, or synstylous (i.e. the carpels sometimes joined only by the common style); superior. Ovary (1-)2(-5) locular (sometimes bilocular above, but the septum incomplete below). Gynoecium median. Styles 1-5; free to partially joined; apical, or `gynobasic'. Stigmas dry type; papillate; Group II type. Placentation basal. Ovules (1-)2 per locule; ascending; non-arillate; anatropous; bitegmic; tenuinucellate, or crassinucellate. Embryo-sac development Polygonum-type. Polar nuclei fusing only after one has been fertilized, or fusing simultaneously with the male gamete (?). Antipodal cells formed; 3; not proliferating; usually ephemeral. Synergids usually slender and elongated, rarely small and ephemeral. Endosperm formation nuclear. Embryogeny caryophyllad.
Fruit fleshy, or non-fleshy; when synstylous, multiple, or not multiple. The units coalescing into a secondary syncarp to not coalescent. The fruiting carpel when synstylous, dehiscent, or indehiscent; nucular, or baccate. Fruit dehiscent, or indehiscent; a capsule, or a berry, or a nut. Capsules loculicidal, or circumscissile, or splitting irregularly. Seeds endospermic. Endosperm oily. Seeds conspicuously hairy, or not conspicuously hairy. Cotyledons 2 (plicate, often bifid). Embryo chlorophyllous (5/11); straight, or curved.
Seedling. Germination phanerocotylar.
Physiology, biochemistry. Cyanogenic, or not cyanogenic. Cynogenic constituents phenylalanine-derived (?), or of Hegnauer's `Group C' (?). Alkaloids present (commonly), or absent. Iridoids absent. Proanthocyanidins absent. Flavonols present, or absent (Ipomoea); kaempferol and quercetin. Ellagic acid absent (4 species, 3 genera). Arbutin absent. Saponins/sapogenins absent (usually), or present. Aluminium accumulation not found. C3. C3 recorded in Convolvulus, Cressa, Dichondra, Evolvulus, Ipomea, Jacquemontia, Merremia, Seddera. Anatomy non-C4 type (Astripomoea, Convolvulus, Cressa, Falkia, Ipomoea, Lepistemonopsis, Merremia, Seddera).
Geography, cytology. Temperate to tropical. Cosmopolitan. X = 7-15(+).
Taxonomy. Subclass Dicotyledonae; Tenuinucelli. Dahlgren's Superorder Solaniflorae; Solanales. Cronquist's Subclass Asteridae; Solanales. Takhtajan's Subclass Asteridae; Lamianae; Polemoniales. Species 1650. Genera about 55; Aniseia, Argyreia, Astripomoea, Blinkworthia, Bonamia, Breweria, Calycobolus, Calystegia, Cardiochlamys, Cladistigma, Convolvulus, Cordisepalum, Cressa, Decalobanthus, Dichondra, Dicranostyles, Dinetus, Dipteropeltis, Ericybe, Evolvulus, Falckia, Hewittia, Hildebrandtia, Hyalocystis, Ipomoea, Iseia, Itzaea, Jacquemontia, Lepistemon, Lepistemonopsis, Lysiostyles, Maripa, Merremia, Metaporana, Nephrophyllum, Neuropeltis, Neuropeltopsis, Odonellia, Operculina, Paralepistemon, Pentacrostigma, Pharbitis, Polymeria, Porana, Poranopsis, Rapona, Rivea, Sabaudiella, Seddera, Poranopsis, Rapona, Rivea, Sabaudiella, Seddera, Stictocardia, Stylisma, Tetralocularia, Tridynamia, Turbina, Wilsonia, Xenostegia.
Austin 1973.
Illustrations. convo565.gif convo567.gif convo462.gif convo630.gif
Additional, to be intercalated. Convolvulus, Ipomoea, Rivea twining anticlockwise.
