Name

Vachellia cornigera (Linnaeus.) Seigler & Ebinger, Phytologia 87:53. 2005.
syn. Mimosa cornigera Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 520, 1753.

Synonymy and types

Basionym:  Mimosa cornigera L., Sp. Pl.  520. 1 753.  Acacia cornigera (L.) Willd., Sp. Pl.  4: 1080.  1806.   Tauroceras cornigerum (L.) Britton & Rose, N. Amer. Fl.  23: 86. 1 928. - TYPE:  from a cultivated plant grown in the garden of George Clifford, between Haarlem and Leyden, Holland, collected by Linnaeus (No. 4) and bearing his label "Mimosa cornigera" presumably grown from Mexican seed (Rudd 1964).  (holotype:  BM, US fragment and photo).

Acacia spadicigera Schltdl. & Cham.,  Linnaea 5: 594.  1830.  Tauroceras spadicigerum (Schltdl. & Cham.) Britton & Rose, N. Amer. Fl.  23: 85.  1928. - TYPE:  MEXICO.  VERACRUZ:  near La Laguna Verde, Mar 1928, C. Schiede & F. Deppe 685 [lectotype, designated by Seigler and Ebinger (1995):  US fragment, (B, destroyed)].

Acacia campecheana Schenck, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg.  12: 361.  1913. - TYPE:  MEXICO.  CAMPECHE:  von Chrismar s.n. (holotype:  B, destroyed).

Acacia cubensis Schenck, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg.  12: 360.  1913. - TYPE:  CUBA.  N coast, 21 Apr 1863, C. Wright 2402 [lectotype, designated by Seigler and Ebinger (1995):  US, (B, destroyed); isotypes: G, GOET, HAL, JE, K, MO, US].  NOTE:  A note on one herbarium sheet (JE) indicates that the seeds came from Martinique.

Acacia interjecta Schenck, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 361.  1913. - TYPE:  Engler 3870a [lectotype, designated by Seigler and Ebinger (1995):  JE, (B, destroyed)].  NOTE:  From material growing in the Singapore and Kew Botanical Gardens (Janzen 1974).

Acacia nicoyensis Schenck, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg.  12: 360.  1913. - TYPE:  COSTA RICA.  GUANACASTE:   shore of the Gulf of Nicoya, sea level, Feb 1900, A. Tonduz 13538 [lectotype, designated by Seigler and Ebinger (1995):  US, (B, destroyed), isotypes:  BM, GH, K, NY, US].

Acacia rossiana Schenck, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg.  12: 361.  1913. - TYPE:  MEXICO.  VERACRUZ:  Santa Lucrezia, Isthmus of Tehuantepec, 8 Oct 1906, H. Ross 918 [lectotype, designated by Seigler and Ebinger (1995):  M, US photo].

Acacia furcella Saff., J. Wash. Acad. Sci.  4: 359.  1914. - TYPE: MEXICO.  VERACRUZ:  shore of Lake Catemaco, southern Veracruz, alt. 1,000 ft., 26 Apr 1894, E. W. Nelson 427 (holotype:  US).

Acacia hernandezii Saff., J. Wash. Acad. Sci.  4: 358.  1914. - TYPE:  MEXICO.  SAN LUIS POTOSÍ:  vicinity of Rascón, 19-22 Jul. 1905, E. Palmer 699 (holotype:  US; isotypes: F, GH, NY).

Acacia turgida Saff., in W. M. Wheeler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoology Harvard Coll.  90: plate 45, 1942. - TYPE:  (holotype:  plate 45 in Wheeler 1942).

Acacia cornigera (L.) Willd. var. americana DC. Prodr. 2: 460.  1825. - TYPE:  none cited.

Formal description

Shrub or small tree to 10(15) m tall.  Bark brown to gray, shallowly furrowed.  Twigs dark gray to reddish brown, not flexuous, lightly to densely puberulent.  Short shoots absent.  Leaves alternate, 40-160 mm long.  Stipular spines light to dark reddish brown to sometimes ivory to yellow, symmetrical, terete to slightly flattened, straight to slightly reflexed near the apex, stout and inflated, 30-100 x 4-10 mm near the base, glabrous to densely puberulent.  Petiole adaxially grooved, 5-20 mm long, usually puberulent; petiolar glands 1(2), located near the middle to top of the petiole, sessile, canoe-shaped, base 1-7 mm long, apex elongated, 1-4 mm long, glabrous and strongly striate.  Rachis adaxially grooved, 30-150 mm long, glabrous to densely puberulent, rarely a few sessile, canoe-shaped glands present between the lower pinna pairs.  Pinnae 3 to 14 pairs per leaf, 30-70 mm long, 7-17 mm between pinna pairs.  Petiolules 0.8-2.0 mm long.  Leaflets 15 to 40 pairs per pinna, opposite, 1.2-3.0 mm between leaflets, oblong, 4-11 x 1.3-2.7 mm, glabrous, lateral veins obvious, 2 to 3 vein from the base, base oblique, margins usually not ciliate, apex obtuse and usually mucronate; beltian bodies 0.5-0.9 mm long.  Inflorescence a densely flowered cylindrical spike that narrows slightly toward the blunt apex, 20-35 x 8-11 mm near the base, solitary or in clusters of 2 to 4 in the axil of small spines on short, usually leafless axillary branches.  Peduncles 5-15 x 2-4 mm, thickened just below the inflorescence, glabrous to lightly puberulent.  Involucre 4- lobed, located at the base of the peduncle, usually puberulent, persistent.  Floral bracts peltate, 0.7-1.3 mm long, apex tailed on one side and ciliate, deciduous.  Flowers sessile, pale yellow, calyx 5-lobed, 0.9-1.4 mm long, glabrous to lightly puberulent; corolla 5-lobed, 1.0-1.5 mm long, only slightly longer than the calyx, glabrous; stamen filaments 1.3-2.3 mm long, distinct; ovary glabrous, sessile.  Legume mostly red to maroon, rarely yellow, usually straight, nearly terete in cross section, not constricted between the seeds, oblong, 50-90 x 13-18 mm, coriaceous, usually not striate, glabrous to minutely puberulent, eglandular, indehiscent; stipe to 10 mm long; apex narrowing to a spine-like beak 20-50 mm long.  Seeds biseriate, imbedded in a white to yellowish pulp, dark brown to black, ovoid, slightly flattened, 5.9-9.1 x 4.1-6.0 mm, smooth; pleurogram oblong to U-shaped, 2.7-4.0 mm across. Flowers in January to July. Chromosome number: Not determined.

Distribution

Wet to relatively dry, mostly disturbed habitats at lower elevations from southern Mexico to Costa Rica (Janzen 1974).

Additional info

Vachellia cornigera is a highly variable species that occurs in a wide range of habitats.  This morphological diversity has resulted in an extensive synonomy which is discussed by Rudd (1964).  This species is the most common ant-acacia, being relatively common in riparian and swamp habitats and is the common ant-acacia in fallow fields, pastures, roadsides, and other disturbed sites from sea level to about 1200 m (Janzen 1967a, 1967b). Some of its present distribution has been caused by the dissemination of seeds by birds, people, and cattle into secondary growth vegetation. Vachellia cornigera has also become naturalized in the West Indies and in extreme southern Florida.

Vachellia cornigera is easily separated from other ant-acacias by having peltate floral bracts in which the apex is tailed on one side.  Also, the presence of canoe-shaped petiolar glands separate this taxon from all ant-acacias except V. mayana and V. sphaerocephala. The presence of obvious secondary venation in the leaflets and the relatively thick cylindrical inflorescences separate this taxon from V. sphaerocephala, whereas the smaller leaflets and the lack of longitudinal flanges on the stipular spines separate it from V. mayana.

Beltian body production in Vachellia cornigera is high, with more than half of the leaflets having Beltian bodies, a characteristics typical of ant-acacias that inhabit more open sites. Numerous herbarium specimens and living plants of this species have been tested for cyanide production, usually with negative results, only two positive tests being recorded (Seigler and Ebinger 1987).  Leaves of V. cornigera have been reported to contain a  -glucosidase (Rehr et al. 1973).  It appears that the hydrolytic enzyme necessary for the liberation of HCN is present, but the cyanogenic glycoside is usually absent.

Janzen (1974) reported seeing a single plant of Vachellia cornigera x V. sphaerocephala on the dunes south of Veracruz, Mexico, and also suggested that V. cornigera may occasionally hybridize with V. chiapensis.  It is also possible that this species may rarely hybridize with the non-ant-acacia V. pennatula (Ebinger and Seigler 1992).

Flowering time

January-July.

Representative specimens

BELIZE:

• Indian Church, 15 May 1977, T.Arnason & J.Lambert 17530 (MO);
• mile 42.5 on Northern Hwy., N of Maskall River, 7 Jun 1973, J.D.Dwyer 11023 (F);
• Belize Dist., River Ridge Plantation near Belize River, 25 May 1973, A.Gentry 7577 (MO);
• Belize River near Belize, 9 Jun 1933, C.L.Lundell 4381 (F);
• Boomtown, 23 Aug 1936, O'Neill 8605 (WIS);
• Cayo Dist. W of Hummingbird Hwy. at a point 7 miles S of its junction with Western Hwy., alt. 80 m, 17 Jul 1970, D.L.Spellman & W.W.Newey 1744 (MO);
• Northern Hwy., 4 miles NW from Belize, 9 Aug 1970, J.R.Wiley 139 (MO).

COSTA RICA:

Guanacaste:

• vicinity of Cañas, 5 Mar 1970, R.Daubenmire 601 (F);
• NW of Paloverde, Barbudal Hills, 26 Jan 1983, Garwood, Gibby, Hampshire & Humphries 570 (F);
• 0.5 miles E of Cañas, 25 Aug 1963, D.H.Janzen 1956 (ILL);
• Playa Coco, sea level, 2 May 1965, D.H.Janzen 1960 (ILL);
• E of Santa Cruz, 25 Mar 1963, A.Jímenez M. 539 (ILL);
• La Pacifica near Cañas, 5 Aug 1985, D.S.Seigler 12336 (ILL);
• La Pacifica, near the Lechería, 4 Aug 1985, D.S.Seigler 12392 (ILL);
• Nicoya, alt. 180 m, Apr 1933, M.Valerio 508 (F).

EL SALVADOR:

La Libertad:

• Hacienda Cuyagualo, S of Lago de Zapotitlan along Río Gualo, alt. 300-450, 27 Jan 1946, M.C.Carlson 293 (F);
• Sito del Niño, San Juan Opico, alt. 445 m, 3 Feb 1995, J.González 26 (MO);
• Chicbul, 8 Apr 1933, C.L.Lundell 2613 (F);
• Chicbul, 7 Jun 1933, C.L.Lundell 3659 (F);

San Salvador:

• Hacienda Buena Vista, Apopa, 17 Apr 1958, P.A.Allen 6848 (F);
• banks of Río Acelhuate, alt. 690 m, 13 Jan 1946, M.C.Carlson 55 (F);
• Lago de Ilopango, 4 Feb 1991, R.Villacorta 728 (MO);

San Vicente:

• vic. of San Vicente, alt. 400-500 m, 7-14 Feb 1947, P.C.Standley & E.Padilla V. s.n. (F).

GUATEMALA:

Alta Verpaz:

• near Pancajche, alt. 360 m, 5 Apr 1939, P.C.Standley 70683 (F);
• near Pancajche, alt. 360 m, 5 Apr 1939, P.C.Standley 70768 (F);
• Pantin below Tamahu, alt. 600 m, 5 Apr 1939, P.C.Standley 70822 (F);
• along Río Polochic, near Pancajche, alt. 900 m, 10 Apr 1941, P.C.Standley 91850 (F);

El Petén:

• 2 miles E of Melchor, 16-18 Jun 1973, T.B.Croat 24623 (MO);

Escuintla:

• 3 miles N Escuintla, 29 Mar 1979, C.D.Johnson 1026-79 (ILL);
• Esperanza, 25 Jan 1950, E.Matudo 18790 (F);
• road between Masagua and San José, 30 Jan 1939, P.C.Standley 64154 (F);
• near San José, sea level, 30-31 Jan 1939, P.C.Standley 64241 (F);
• San Antonio Jute, alt. 780 m, 9 Feb 1939, P.C.Standley 64843 (F);
• along Río Guacalate, NW of Escuintla, alt. 700 m, 14 Mar 1941, P.C.Standley 89395 (F);

Retalhuleu:

• 9 kms N of Champerico, 15 May 1970, W.E.Harmon 2294 (MO);
• Puente Samala, 3.8 miles NE of San Felipe on hwy. 9, 18 Jul 1966, D.H.Janzen 464 (F);
• intersection of Río Nil with hwy. 2, about 5 miles W of Retalhuleu, 16 Jul 1968, D.H.Janzen 466 (F, MO, WIS);
• near Nueva Linda, alt. 120 m, 26 Feb 1939, P.C.Standley 66561 (F);
• Champerico, sea level, 18 Feb 1941, P.C.Standley 87569 (F);
• N of Nueva Linda, alt. 120 m, 18 Feb 1941, P.C.Standley 87766 (F);
• along Río Samalo on road between San Sebastian and Santa Cruz Mulua, alt. 330 m, 23 Feb 1941, P.C.Standley 88182 (F);

San Marcos:

• 2 miles E of the border between Mexico and Guatemala (Puente Talisman) on hwy. 2, 11 Jan 1965, D.H.Janzen 1045 (F, MEX, MO);
• 2 miles E of the border between Mexico and Guatemala on hwy. 2, 11 Jan 1965, D.H.Janzen 1046 (F);
• 1-2 miles N of Ocos, alt. 3-5 m, 15 Mar 1940, J.A.Steyermark 37867 (F);

Suchitepequez:

• Cocales, alt. 215 m, 5 Jan 1939, P.C.Standley 62081 (F);
• S of Alotenango Farm, 7 miles S of Tiquisate along road within 3 miles of ocean, alt. 30-50 m, 19 Jan 1942, J.A.Steyermark 47739 (F).

HONDURAS:

Cortes:

• La Lima, 11-20 Apr 1947, P.C.Standley & J.Chacón P. 7568 (F);
• La Lima, along Río Chamelecón, alt. 30 m, 20 Apr 1947, L.Williams & A.Molina R. 12464 (F);
• Yoro: Vegas del Río Agua, 3 km de Yoro, alt. 1000 m, A.Molina R. 6807 (F);
• Coyoles, 29 Jun 1938, Yuncker, Koepper & Wagner 8192 (F).

MEXICO:

Campeche:

• Santa Leonor, 20 Apr 1963, F.D.Barlow 14/5 (GH, WIS);
• 10.6 miles E of Campeche on hwy. 180, 25 Jun 1966, D.H.Janzen 491 (F);
• 30 km E of Campeche on hwy. 261, 5 Jun 1980, D.S.Seigler, P.M.Richardson & S.Thompson 11603 (ILL);
• Champotón, 7-15 Jul 1932, W.C.Steere 1740 (F);

Chiapas:

• 3 miles SW of Pinola Las Rosas along road to Soyatitan, alt. 4200 ft., 27 Jul 1965, D.E.Breedlove 11367 (F);
• 3.5 miles N of the turn-off at Juan Crispin, 5 miles NW of the city limits of Tuxtla Gutíerrez, 3 Jun 1973, Hansen, Hansen & Nee 1642 (WIS);
• Ciudad Cuauhtemoc on hwy. 190, D.H.Janzen 499 (F, MEX);
• 7 miles E of Tapachula on hwy. 200, 11 Jan 1965, D.H.Janzen 1047 (F);
• Telastaquine on hwy. 195, 1 Jun 1980, D.S.Seigler, P.M.Richardson & S.Thompson 11587 (ILL);
• 38 miles S of the Chiapas-Tabasco border on hwy. 195, 1 Jun 1980, D.S.Seigler, P.M.Richardson & S.Thompson 11590 (ILL);

Colima:

• 2 km al N de Ixtlahuacan, 22 Mar 1980, J.A.S.Magallanes 2224 (MO);

Guerrero:

• 1 mile NW Cuajinicuilapa, 9 Mar 1979, C.D.Johnson 740-79 (WIS);
• 1 mile E of Juchitan, 28 May 1980, D.S.Seigler, P.M.Richardson & S.Thompson 11558 (ILL);

Oaxaca:

• Lake behind Presa Alemán, Temascal, alt. 70 m, 3 Nov 1963, D.H.Janzen 1951 (ILL);
• Lake behind Presa Alemán, Temascal, alt. 70 m, 3 Nov 1963, D.H.Janzen 1952 (ILL);
• Lake behind Presa Alemán, Temascal, alt. 70 m, 3 Nov 1963, D.H.Janzen 1953 (ILL);
• Capilla, N end of lake behind Presa Alemán, W of Tierra Blanca, 20 Oct 1963, D.H.Janzen 1937 (F, MO, WIS);
• 5.8 miles W of Loma Bonita, 4 Nov 1963, D.H.Janzen 1938 (F);
• near Temascal along hwy. from Temascal to La Granja, alt. 20 m, 9 Jun 1964, D.H.Janzen 1968 (WIS);
• near Temascal along hwy from Temascal to La Granja, alt. 20 m, 31 Jul 1964, D.H.Janzen 1973 (MO);
• along the Pan-American hwy., 1.5 km E of the city of Tehuantepec, alt. 50 m, 30 Jun 1958, King 269 (WIS);
• 5 miles W of Tuxtepec on road to Mazín Grande, 20 May 1991, D.Seigler, J.Ebinger, H.Clarke & K.Readel 13530 (EIU, ILL);
• near dam at Temascal, 20 May 1991, D.Seigler, J.Ebinger, H.Clarke & K.Readel 13547 (EIU, ILL);
• 17 miles N of Matías Romero on hwy. 185, 3 Aug 1975, D.S.Seigler & G.Holstein 9808 (ILL);
• 8 km al NW de Santiago Laollaga, 17 Dec 1978, M.Sousa & L.Rico 10172 (MO);
• "El Zarco", a 8 km al SW del entronque, al Parque Nacional Chacagua, 7 Apr 1982, R.Torres C. & P.Tenorio L. 245 (ILL);

Puebla:

• 4 km al N de Mecapalapa, 3 Dec 1979, P.Basurto & G.Durán 469 (MO);
• 8 km al E de Mecapalapa, 20 Apr 1980, P.Basurto & G.Durán 556 (MO);
• El Ojite, 1 Jun 1980, P.Basurto & G.Duran 602 (MO);

Quintana Roo:

• 12 km al W de La Pantera, 5 Aug 1982, E.Cabrera & H.Cabrera 3351 (MO);
• 52 miles W of jct. of Mexico 307 & 186 on hwy. 186, 1 Jun 1980, D.S.Seigler, P.M.Richardson & S.Thompson 11594 (ILL);
• a 7 km al N de La Unión, 7 May 1980, O.Téllez & E.Cabrera 2111 (MO);

San Luis Potosí:

• 5 miles N of Valles, 17 Apr 1947, F.A.Barkley 17M299 (F);
• El Pujal, Río Tampoon valley, alt. 100 m, V.H.Chase 7539 (F, ILL);
• Valles, June 1941, H.Dybas s.n. (F);
• Barrio de San Juan, Tamazunchale, 19 Jul 1937, M.T.Edwards 600 (F, MO);
• Calles, alt. 700 ft., 18 Jul 1933, L.Fisher 3361 (F);
• 7 km al E de Frontera, alt. 15 m, 17 Apr 1982, R.Fernández N. & Zamudio 1022 (MO);
• Tamazunchale, 1 Jan 1964, D.H.Janzen 1936 (F);
• El Banito, 7 miles S of Valles, alt. 200 ft., 26 Jun 1940, W.C.Leavenworth 197 (F, ILL, MO);
• near Tancanhuitz, 2 May 1898, E.W.Nelson 4404 (US);
• 13 miles E of Ciudad Valles on hwy. 70, 18 May 1991, D.Seigler, J.Ebinger, H.Clarke & K.Readel 13476 (EIU, ILL);
• 29 miles W of Cd. Valles on hwy 70, 5 Jun 1983, D.Seigler, J.Kramer & E.Carreira 12090 (ILL);
• 26 miles S of Cd. Valles on hwy. 85, 9 Jun 1980, D.S.Seigler, P.M.Richardson & S.Thompson 11623 (ILL);

Tabasco:

• 3 miles W of Cárdenas on hwy. 180, 22 Jun 1966, D.H.Janzen 494 (F);
• 2 miles W of Cárdenas on hwy. 180. 6 Jun 1980, D.S.Seigler, P.M.Richardson & S.Thompson 11608 (ILL);
• 3 miles W of Cárdenas on hwy. 180. 6 Jun 1980, D.S.Seigler, P.M.Richardson & S.Thompson 11609 (ILL);

Tamaulipas:

• Tampico, Rujal road, 25 Nov 1937, L.A.Kenoyer 791 (F);
• 6.5 miles S of Ciudad Mante, 6 Jun 1970, D.S.Seigler 2574a (ILL);
• Tropic of Cancer marker, hwy. 85, 15 Jun 1994, D.S.Seigler, F.A.Jones & D.Van Sickle 14006 (EIU, ILL);

Veracruz:

• en el Hotel Playa Escondida, entrada por el Jicacal, alt. 100 m, 6 May 1977, J.I.Calzada 3170 (F);
• Manglar de Avicenia, alt, 3 m, 3 Feb 1965, Gómez-Pompa & R.Riba 46 (F);
• 3 km del Raudal Rumbo a vega de Alatorre, alt. 20 m, 3 Feb 1965, Gómez-Pompa & R.Riba (F);
• Laguna near the city of Veracruz, 23 Jan 1906, J.M.Greenman 15 (F);
• 8 miles E of Tampico on hwy. 70, 11 Jun 1966, D.H.Janzen 496 (F);
• 8 miles E of Tampico on hwy. 70, 11 Jun 1966, D.H.Janzen 497 (F);
• Coatzacoales, 21 Mar 1964, D.H.Janzen 1935 (F);
• Navatorio, about 22 miles S of Villa Azueta, 4 Nov 1963, D.H.Janzen 1939 (F);
• 15.9 miles N of Poza Rica on hwy. 130, 2 Jun 1964, D.H.Janzen 1940 (F);
• 20.9 miles NW of Tuxpán on hwy. 105, 2 Jan 1964, D.H.Janzen 1942 (F);
• 27.7 miles S of Panuco on hwy. 105, 2 Jan 1964, D.H.Janzen 1943 (F);
• Playa Vicente, 4 Nov 1963, D.H.Janzen 1954 (ILL);
• Playa Vicente, 4 Nov 1963, D.H.Janzen 1955 (ILL);
• 10 miles E of Ciudad Alemán on hwy. to Loma Bonita, 26 Jan 1964, D.H.Janzen 1957 (ILL);
• 13 miles SW of Ciudad Alemán on hwy. from Ciudad Aleman to Oaxaca, 6 Nov 1963, D.H.Janzen 1958 (ILL);
• near Temascal along hwy. from Temascal to La Granja, alt. 20 m, 1 Aug 1964, D.H.Janzen 1962 (ILL);
• near Temascal along hwy. from Temascal to La Granja, alt. 20 m, 31 Jul 1964,
  D.H.Janzen 1963 (ILL);
• near Temascal along hwy. from Temascal to La Granja, alt. 20 m, 31 Jul 1964, D.H.Janzen 1964 (ILL);
• Estación de Biología Tropical Los Tuxtlas, 5 Jan 1983, G.I.Manriquez 586 (MO);
• Estación de Biología Tropical Los Tuxtlas, G.I.Manríquez 1466 (MO);
• Estación de Biología Tropical Los Tuxtlas, G.I.Manríquez & S.Sinaca 1001 (MO);
• 6.2 km W Est. Méndez, 24 Oct 1981, M.Nee 22316 (F);
• Tezonapa, 5 Apr 1910, C.R.Orcutt 3122 (DS);
• Pueblo Vieja, 2 km S of Tampico, 23-31 May 1910, E.Palmer 448 (F, MO);
• Zacuapan, Jul 1917, C.A.Purpus 7748 (GH, MO);
• 1-4 km NW of Campo Experimental de Hule, El Palmar, Zongolica, 1-5 Aug 1943, J.V.Santos 2319 (MICH);
• 1 km E of Miradores on hwy. 140, 18 Nov 1985, D.S.Seigler & J.E.Ebinger 12476 (ILL);
• 1 km E of Miradores on hwy. 140, 18 Nov 1985, D.S.Seigler & J.E.Ebinger 12486 (ILL);
• 1 km E of Miradores on hwy. 140, 18 Nov 1985, D.S.Seigler & J.E.Ebinger 12505 (ILL);
• 1 km E of Actopán, 18 Nov 1985, D.S.Seigler & J.E.Ebinger 12541 (ILL);
• 37 km E of Yanga on hwy. 150, 18 Nov 1985, D.S.Seigler & J.E.Ebinger 12603 (ILL);
• 37 km E of Yanga on hwy. 150, 18 Nov 1985, D.S.Seigler & J.E.Ebinger 12604 (ILL);
• 38 miles S of Tampico on road to Tuxpán, 18 May 1991, D.Seigler, J.Ebinger, H.Clarke & K.Readel 13499 (EIU, ILL);
• on road to Antón Lizardo, 5 miles E of jct. with hwy. 150, 20 May 1991, D.Seigler, J.Ebinger, H.Clarke & K.Readel 13521 (EIU, ILL);
• near Salinas on hwy. 180, 17 miles NW of Alvarado, 20 May 1991, D.Seigler, J.Ebinger, H.Clarke & K.Readel 13525 (EIU, ILL);
• 16 miles N of Tierra Blanca on hwy. 140, 21 May 1991, D.Seigler, J.Ebinger, H.Clarke & K.Readel 13549 (EIU, ILL);
• Canoas Junction, 6 Jun 1983, D.Seigler, J.Kramer & E.Carreira 12099 (ILL);
• near Acayucan on hwy. 180, 6 Jun 1980, D.S.Seigler, P.M.Richardson & S.Thompson 11610 (ILL);
• 2 miles N of San Andres Tuxtla, 7 Jun 1980, D.S.Seigler, P.M.Richardson & S.Thompson 11611 (ILL);
• 15 miles SE of jct. of Mexico 180 and 150, W of Veracruz on hwy. 100, 7 Jun 1980, D.S.Seigler, P.M.Richardson & S.Thompson 11612 (ILL);
• 4 km N of Dos Ríos, 11 Jul 1974, S.H.Sohmer 9368 (WIS);
• Fortuno Coatzacoalcos, alt. 30-50 m, Mar 1937, L.Williams 8883 (F);

Yucatán:

• Izarnal, 21 Feb 1906, J.M.Greenman 379 (GH).

NICARAGUA:

Boaco:

• San José de los Remates, alt. 800-900 m, 10 Oct 1982, J.C.Sandino 3650 (MO);

Chontales:

• Veracruz, alt. 120-475, 4-6 Aug 1983, W.D.Stevens 22382 (MO);
• Hda Corpus, alt. 100 m, 28 Dec 1983, W.D.Stevens 22630 (MO);

Granada:

• Puerto de Asese, alt. 40-50 m, 31 Jan 1981, P.Moreno 6390 (MO);

Managua:

• camino a "Puertas Viejas - Sta. Juana", alt. 200-500 m, 8 Jun 1983, M.Araguistain 3561 (MO);

Masaya:

• Laguna de Masaya, alt. 140 m, 15 Jan 1980, M.Araguistain & P.Moreno 593 (MO);
• Parque Nacional Volcán Masaya, alt. 135-145 m, 31 Mar 1980, W.D.Stevens, M.Guzmán & D.Castro 16862 (MO);

Matagalpa:

• Municipio de Mataguas, 19 May 1980, M.Guzmán & D.Castro 85 (MO);
• 26 km S of Matagalpa road to El Tuma, alt. 400 m, 10 Mar 1967, A.Molina R. 20500 (F);
• along road from Mataguas to Río Blanco, alt. 350-450 m, 15 Feb 1979, W.D.Stevens 12260 (MO);

Rivas:

• Nandaime, alt. 100 m, 10 May 1965, D.Jansen 1959 (ILL).

UNITED STATES:

Florida:

Pinellas Co.:

• Weedon Island, along Weedon Dr. on W side of peninsula, surely naturalized, 21 Jan 1976, R.F.Thorne 48348 (RSA);

County not recorded:

• Oneco, Apr 1913, R.L.Wedding 39 (US);
• Chapman Field (cultivated), 6 Jul 1931, J.H.Hener s.n. (US).

WEST INDIES:

Cuba:

• Havana, 15 Oct 1908, Bro.León 684 (US);
• near Havana, 8 May 1913, Bro.León 3690 (US);

Grand Cayman Island:

• shrub in court yard of Holiday Inn, 7 mile beach, 13 Dec 1988, K.Carroll & S.Passoa s.n. (EIU);

Guadeloupe:

• Oct-Nov 1938, L.H.Bailey & E.Z.Bailey 198 (US).

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