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Lindsaea Dryander
Terrestrial, rupestral, scandent or ipiphytic ferns of small to medium size. Rhizome short- to long-creeping, protostelic with a solid fibrovascular bundle with internal phloem, (Lindsaeoid protostele), or open in some small epiphytes, bearing basally attached, concolourous, narrow, elongate to acicular scales, some reduced to simple hairs. Fronds stipitate, the stipe with a single V- or U-shaped vascular bundle, abaxially terete or angled, adaxially grooved upwards, the grooves and edges continuous with those of the higher order branches, the lamina membranous to leathery, pinnately to bipinnate or decompound, the apical pinnae gradually reduced, or +/- the same as the lateral pinnae, strongly anadromous, ultimate free segments +/- equal-sided, with or without a costa or sostule, or dimidiate, the veins free, simple or 1 - several-times forked, or anastomosing without free included veinlets in the areoles, terminating short of the margin. Sori submarginal, on the upper and outer margins if the pinnules dimidiate, or on the non-basal margins if the pinnules equal-sided, terminal on a single vein or more commonly uniting 2 or more veins, the indusium attached basally, round or reinform on a single free vein or elongate and attached over several veins, free at the sides or not, opening towards the apical margin, parapyses 2-celled, fugacious; sporangia with a triseriate stalk, the annulus longitudinal, interrupted, of c.12-15 thickened cells. Spores trilete or less commonly monolete, smooth.
Subg. Lindsaea: terestrial with a radial stele
Sect. Schizoloma: rhizome essentially terrestrial, short- to moderately long-creeping, the stele radially symmetric or nearly so; lamina 2(-3)-pinnate, with the upper pinnae gradually reduced (no terminal pinna like the lateral), or pinnate with equal sided pinnules and anastomosing veins, or both; axes angular or terete; sori continuous or interrupted or interrupted by incisions of the margin; spores trilete.
Sect. Temnolindsaea: Rhizome essentially terrestrial, short-creeping, the stele radially symmetric or nearly so; lamina bipinnate with a terminal pinna like the laterals (pinnate in juvenile plants); axes abaxially 1-2-angluar; pinnules dimidiate; veins free; sori interrupted by incisions of the margin; spores trilete.
Sect. Synaphlebium: rhizome essentially terrestrial, short- to moderately long-creeping, the stele radially symmetric or nearly so; lamina pinnate, or bipinnate with a terminal pinna like the lateral; axes abaxially angular; pinnules dimidiate; veins anastomosing; sori entire or interrupted by incisions of the margin; spores trilete.
Sect. Osmolindsaea: rhizome essentially terrestrial, short-creeping, the stele radially symmetric or nearly so; lamina pinnate, the upper pinnae gradually reduced; axes abaxially rounded; pinnules dimidiate; veins free; sori interrupted by incisions of the margin (except in reduced forms); spores monolete.
Sect. Psammolindsaea: rhizome essentially terrestrial, short- to moderately long-creeping, the stele radially symmetric or nearly so lamina pinnate with a free terminal pinna like the laterals; axes abaxially rounded: pinnules dimidiate, not articulte to the rachis; veins free; sori continuously; spores trilete.
Sect. Steolindsaea: rhizome essentially terrestrial, short- to moderately long-creeping, the stele radially symmetric or nearly so; lamina pinnate with reduced upper pinnae, the terminal pinna unlike the laterals, the basal pinnae also reduced; axes abaxially bi-angular; pinnules dimidiate; veins free; sori continuous or interrupted by incisions of the margin; spores trilete.
Subg. Odontoloma: ephipytic with a dorsiventral stele
Sect: Odontoloma: rhizome epiphytic, long-creeping, +/- persistently scaly and dull, the stele strongly dorsiventral with a closed xylem strand; lamina pinnate with gradually reduced upper pinnae; axes abaxially angular; pinnules dimidiate; veins free; sori interrupted by incisions of the margin; spores trilete.
Sect. Lindsaenium: rhizome epiphytic, long-creeping, +/- persistently scaly and dull, the stele strongly dorsiventral with a closed xylem strand; lamina bipinnate with a terminal pinna like the laterals, or pinnate; axes abaxially angular; pinnules dimidiate; veins free or irregularly and infrequently anastomosing; sori interrupted by incisions of the margin; spores trilete.
Sect. Penna-arborea: rhizome epiphytic, long-creeping, deciduously scaly and lustrous, thestele strongly dorsiventral with a open xylem strand; lamina pinnate with gradually reduced upper pinnae or a large terminal segment; axes abaxially angular; pinnules dimidiate; veins free or anastomosing; sori interrupted by incisions of the margin; spores trilete.
Species in Papuasia
| 1a. | Lamina pinnate and deeply pinnatifid, or bipinnate or more compound, without a conform terminal pinna, the upper pinnae gradually reduced | L. media |
| Lamina simply pinnate, or if more compound then with a conform terminal pinna sharply set off from the lateral pinnae. | 2 | |
| 2a. | Ultimate free divisions not, or only for a very short basal portion dimidiate | 3 |
| Ultimate pinnules dimidiate | 6 | |
| 3a. | Veins anastomosing | (L. ensifolia)
4 |
| Veins quite free | 5 | |
| 4a. | Upper pinnae gradually and strongly narrowed, gradually confluent into the terminal segment, or at least some small pinnae connected to it (sometimes bipinnate) | L. ensifolia ssp. Agatii |
| Upper pinnae little reduced, the lamina with a free,conform terminal pinna | L. ensifloia ssp. Ensifolia | |
| 5a. | Pinnules articulate with the rachis | L. queriniana |
| Pinnules continuous with the rachis | L. walkerae | |
| 6a. | Rhizome long-creeping, epiphytic or scandent, with remote leaves; stele dorsiventrally symmetric | 7 |
| Rhizome short-creepiong, terrestrial, or exceptionally longer and sometimes epiphytic; stele radially symmetric or nearly so | 33 | |
| 7a. | Rhizome wiry, not over 1.3 mm diameter, deciduously scaly, eventually naked, dark brown to blackish, polished, with an open vascular strand; lamina simply pinnate but the pinnae sometimes deeply incised. | 8 |
| Rhizome stouter, 1.5-2 mm diameter, if thinner then not polished when naked, with a closed, strongly dosiventral vascular strand; lamina simply pinnate or bipinnate | 13 | |
| 8a. | Veins anastomosing; larger pinnules 1.5-3 cm long; few or no upper pinnae gradually reduced | 9 |
| Veins free, or if anastomosing then the larges pinnules less than 1.5 cm long; upper pinnae gradually and strongly reduced | 10 | |
| 9a. | Terminal segment narrow, lanceolate or caudate | L. werneri |
| Terminal segment broad, obtuse, cuneate or flabellate | 42 | |
| 10a. | Pinnules deeply pinnatifid, the segments connected by wings 0.25 mm - 0.5 mm wide | L. roemeriana |
| Pinnules shallowly incised, or if more deeply incised then the lobes much more broadly connected1 | (L. pulchella)
11 | |
| 11a. | Uninerval sori with a straight or convex base; indusium falling short of the margin by its own width or less, veins free or anastomosing, scales reddish brown, with a well-developed uniseriate apex | L. pulchella var. lomotosora |
| Uninrval sori mostly with a very concave base; indusium falling short of the margin by its own width or more (except sometimes at the incisions); veins free; scales golden brown, apically very shortly uniseriate | 12 | |
| 12a. | Pinnules herbaceous, mostly green when dry, 4.5 - 8 mm long c.twice as long as wide, the major incisions less than 0.5 mm deep; adaxial and abaxial sides of stipe not discolourous | L. pulchella var. pulchella |
| Pinnules herbaceous, mostly brown when dry, the larger ones 7-12 mm long, up to twice as long as wide, the major incisions 1-3 mm deep; stipe faces not discolourous | L. pulchella var. blanda | |
| 12c. | Pinnules herbaceous to subcoriaceous, 10-16 mm long, 2.5-3 times as long as wide, incisions 1(-2) mm deep; adaxial face of petiole much paler than the abaxial side | L. pulchella var. falcata |
| 13a. | Lamina simply pinnate | 14 |
| Lamina of most, or at least some fronds bipinnate | 28 | |
| 14a. | Veins anastomosing | 15 |
| Veins free | 20 | |
| 15a. | Upper pinnae not reduced, apex of a free or almost free terminal pinna | 16 |
| Pinnae gradually reduced, the apex narrowed and lobed | 18 | |
| 16a. | Venation of lateral pinnae free, several anastomoses in the larger terminal pinna; sorus remote from the margin by 1-2 times its width; apical pinna +/- flabellate | L. jarrettiana |
| Venation of lateral pinnae always with at least some annastomosis; sorus remote from the margin by less than its width; apical pinna flabellate or narrow-cuneate | 17 | |
| 17a. | Sori 2-3-nerval; pinna translucent; terminal pinna narrow-cuneate, or with 2 narrow cuneate divisions | L. modesta |
| Sori 4 - plurinerval; pinnae opaque; terminal pinnule flabellate | L. obscura | |
| 18a. | Indusium reaching the margin or nearly so | 19 |
| Indusium not reaching the margin by a distance equal to its width or more | L. pulchra | |
| 19a. | Major pinnules c. 20-25 to a side, their deepest incisions reaching down to 1/3 of their width, the larger pinnules 2-2.5 times as long as wide | L. chrysolepis |
| Major pinnules c.30-45 to a side, their deepest incisions reaching down to 1/2 of their width, the larger pinnules 3 times as long as wide | L. salomonis | |
| 20a. | Upper pinnae not reduced, apex of a free or almost free flabellate terminal pinna | L. jarrettiana |
| Pinnae gradually reduced, the apex narrowed and lobed |
21 | |
| 22a. | Pinnules incised far beyond the middle, the lamina as a wing along each vein; sori 1-2-nerval | 23 |
| Pinnules subentire to incised to the middle, sori 1 - plurinerval | 24 | |
| 23a. | Basal pinnule-lobes only bifid | L. rosenstockii |
| Pinnules more dissected | L. versteegii | |
| 24a. | Basal pinnules inserted on the edge of the adaxial face of the rachis | L. microstegia |
| Basal pinnules inserted below the adaxial face of the rachis | (L. reopens)
25 | |
| 25a. | Rhizome delicate, less than 1 mm diameter | L. reopens var. deliculata |
| Rhizome of full grown plants (1.5-)2-3 mm diameter | 26 | |
| 26a. | Indusium with a very concave base, +/- reinform; most sori 1-nerval and round, some 2-nerval and crescent-shaped; margin very regularly incised to somewhat beyond the level of the receptacle | L. repens var. sessilis |
| Indusium with a weakly concave, straight or somewhat convex base; sori 1 - plurinerval; margin incised almost to receptacle or more deeply | 27 | |
| 27a. | Sori almost marginal, the indusium reaching to slightly surpassing the margin; pinnules elongate, to 3-4 times as long as wide; incisions of margin reaching or slightly surpassing receptacle | L. repens var. cheilosora |
| Sori distinctly intramarginal, the indusim falling short of the margin; pinnules 2-3 times as long as wide; margin incised considerably beyond receptacle | L. repens var. lingulata | |
| 28a. | Secondary axes abaxially rounded | L. monocarpa |
| Secondary axes biangular and/or sulcate, at least in the upper half | 29 | |
| 29a. | Pinnules coriaceous (veins sometimes casually anastomosing) | L. rigida |
| Pinnules herbaceous to chartaceous | 30 | |
| 30a. | Pinnules shallowly incised, at most to the receptacle or slightly beyond, never to the middle | 31 |
| Pinnules incised considerable beyond the middle, the lamina as a wing along each vein | 32 | |
| 31a. | Adaxial groove of primary rachis broad, occupying 1/2 of its width or more; most pinnules fertile only near the apex, always bipinnate; indusium not reaching the margin by less than its width; (veins sometimes casually anastomosing, if regularly anastomosing go to 42) | L. rigida |
| Adaxial groove of primary rachis narrow, occupying much less than 1/2 of its width; most pinnules entirely fertile; not rarely simply pinnate leaves present alongside fertile ones; indusium short of the margin by 1.5-3-times its width; (veins always free) | L. microstegia | |
| 32a. | Pinnules more dissected, all lobes at least once forked; segments narrow, 0.2-0.3 mm wide | L. versteegii |
| Basal pinnule-lobes only bifid, the outer lobes often not forked; segments narrow, 0.6-2 mm wide | L. rosenstockii | |
| 33a. | Veins free | 34 |
| Veins anastomosing | 42 | |
| 34a. | Simply pinnate; rachis abaxially rounded or narrow-rounded; spores monolete | L. odorata |
| Simply pinnate with an abaxially biangular rachis or bi-(subri-) pinnate; spores trilete | 35 | |
| 35a. | Simply pinnate | 36 |
| Bipinnate | 40 | |
| 36a. | Pinnae entire, or if incised then the inner incisions of the larger pinnules not going beyond the middle (L. lucida) | 37 |
| Pinnae incised far beyond the middle | 38 | |
| 37a. | Stipe 3-15 cm long, 0.2-0.5 the length of the lamina; indusium 0.3-0.4 mm wide, at least in the inner sori almost or quite reaching the margin | L. lucida ssp. Lucida |
| Stipe 1-2(-4) cm long, c. 0.05 - 0.07 the length of the laming; indusium 0.2 mm wide, more strongly intramarginal | L. lucida ssp. Brevipes | |
| 38a. | Pinnules 2-2.5 times as long as wide | (L. bakeri)
39 |
| Pinnules 3-4 times as long as wide | L. lapeyrousii ssp. Lapeyrousii | |
| 39a. | Axes stramineus to medium brown; ultimate lobes 0.3-0.5 mm wide, at the sorus 0.5-1 mm wide; sori hardly ever binerval | L. bakeri var. bakeri |
| Axes medium to dark brown; ultimate lobes 0.6 - 1 mm wide, 0.8 - 1.2 mm wide a the sorus; sori not rarely binerval | L. bakeri var. pycnophylla | |
| 40a. | Stipe and rachises abaxially keeled | L. tenuifolia |
| Stipe and rachises abaxially biangular, rarly only obscurely so | 41 | |
| 41a. | Basal primary pinnae strongly reduced | L. kingii |
| Basal pinnae hardly or not reduced | L. tetragona | |
| 42a. | Sori of larger, fully fertile pinnules continuous | 43 |
| Sori of larger pinnules interrupted by incisions of the margin | 45 | |
| 43a. | Upper pinnules little reduced, c.half as long as larger ones, the ultimate segment comparatively large, lanceolate, free or nearly so | L. cultrata |
| Upper pinnules strongly reduced, some tooth-like ones connected with the narrow pinna-apex | 44 | |
| 44a. | Pinnules not over twice as long as wide | L. azurea |
| Pinnules 2.5-3- or more-times as long as wide | L. papuana | |
| 45a. | Terminal pinnule quite free, cuneate-flabellate or cuneater; rhizome not very short-creeping | 46 |
| Terminal segment narrow and connected by some tooth-like upper pinnules, or if free, triangular and acute. | 48 | |
| 46a. | Venation of lateral pinnae free, several anastomoses in the larger terminal pinna; sorus remote from the margin by 1-2 times its width; apical pinna +/- flabellate | L. jarrettiana |
| Venation of lateral pinnae always with at least some anastomosis; sorus remote from the margin by less than its width; apical pinna flabella or narrow-cuneate | 47 | |
| 47a. | Sori 2-3 nerval; pinnae translucent; terminal pinna narrow-cuneate, or with 2 narrow cuneata divisions | L. modesta |
| Sori 4- plurinerval; pinnae opaque; terminal pinnule flabellate | L. obscura | |
| 48a. | Pinnules opaque, hardly narrowed to the obliquely truncate apex, the outer margin distint, with an incision; pinnae rather suddenly narrrowed below the +/- caudate, pinnatifid apex; pinnule-bearing rachises abaxially brown, sulcate and pale-margined | L. parallelogramma |
| Pinnules often translucent, with a subacute to rounded apex, and/0r distinctly narrowed towards the apex, or if truncate then the outer margin not incised; pinnae more gradually narrowed; pinnule bearing rachises various | 49 | |
| 49a. | Sorus on the outer margin in most or all pinnules continuous with the upper most sorus of the upper margin. | L. cultrata |
| Sorus or sori of the outer margin distince, or no distinct outer margin to pinnules developed | 50 | |
| 50a. | At least the larger inner lobes of the pinnules truncate, with straight or concave outer margins | 51 |
| Lobes of pinnules with a convex outer margin | 54 | |
| 51a. | Indusium almost or quite reaching the margin, 0.2-0.3 mm wide, or if wider, then the incisions on the pinnule-margin not reaching to the level of the receptacle. | 52 |
| Indusium falling short of the margin by 1-2-times its width, 0.3 mm or usually sider | 53 | |
| 52a. | Most incisions of the margin not reaching the level of the receptacle, some reaching up to it; pinnules narrowed from base to apex | L. pacifica |
| Most incisions of the margin reaching c. twice as far as the distance from the receptacle to the margin; pinnules apically +/- truncate. | L. obtusa | |
| 53a. | Lamina usually brownish or olivaceous when dry; lobes of pinnules hardly divergent, +/- contiguous; lamina simply pinnate or bipinnate with a few pinnae. | L. obtusa |
| Lamina medium to dark green when dry; lobes of pinnules divergent, not contiguous; lamina often bipinnate with several pairs of pinnae | L. harveyi | |
| 54a. | Indusium almost or quite reaching the margin; at least some of the longer sori concave on the inner, covex on the outer side | L. lobata |
| Indusim not reaching the margin, falling shrot of it by a distance equal to its width or more, straight on the inner side. | L. harveyi |