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Cyathea Sm.
Terrestrial, medium-size to large, mostly arborescent, rarely climbing (clinging by roots to a supporting tree). Rhizome an erect, stout caudex bearing a radial tuft of fronds at the apex, dictyostelic, supported by strong bands of sclerenchyma, the young parts and bases of stipe bearing basally attached, variously fringed scales. Fronds short- to long-stipitate, the stipe with numerous small vascular bundles arranged in two adaxial and one abaxial series, with discontinuous pneumathodes (sometimes in 2-3 rows), rachises adaxially raised but not continuous with each other, the lamina pinnate, mostly bipinnate-pinnatifid, sometimes tripinnate, the basal pinnae +/- reduced, the veins in the ultimate pinnules pinnately arranged from a prominent costule, simple, forked or pinnate in each lamina lobe; the sterile and fertile fronds iso-, di- or subdimorphic. Sori intramarginal or medial on the ultimate veins, usually at the fork of a vein, the receptacle erect, domed, to globular or calvate, exindusiate, or with an indusim attached completely around the receptacle and covering the young sorus, rupturing irregularly or to form an even-edged cup, or attached on the costular side of the receptacle (hemitelioid), often minute and hidden by sorus, or as separate scales around the base of the receptacle, +/- covering the young sorus, sporangia shor-stalked, annulus oblique, stomium lateral, paraphyses simple, multiseptate. Spores trilete, translucent, smooth to papillose.
Subgenus Cyathea: stipe scales flabelloid
Sect. Cyathea: Stipe scales flabelloid or marginate, several cells thick at the base; pinnules generally deeply lobed and the costules not widely spaced, the basal basiscopic vein rarely from the costa; sometimes with crisped, appressed hairs beneath; indusium cup-shaped, hemitelioid or lacking.
Sect.
Subgenus Sphaeropteris: stipes scales setiferous
Sect. Sphaeropteris: costules close, deeply lobed
Subsect. Sphaeropteris: Stipe scales conform or setiferous, flat and few cells thick, or as stiff, setate bristles; pinnules deeply lobed and the costa not widely spaced, the basal basiscopic vein from the costule, free tertiary leaflets few; thick spreading hairs may be present; indusium +/- cup-shaped or lacking.
Subsect. Fourniera: Stipe scales conform on setiferous, flat and few cells thick, throughtout; pinnules deeply lobed and the costa not widely spaced, the basal basiscopic vein from the costule, free tertiary leaflets many; fringed scales but no thick spreading hairs may be present; indusium lacking, young sorus protected by overlapping scales.
Sect. Schizocaena: costules widely spaced, shallowly lobed
Subsect. Schizocaena: stipe scales conform or setiferous, one cell thick throughtout; pinnules not deeply lobed, costules widely spaced, basal basiscopic vein always from costa; thick, spreading hairs may be present; indusium +/- cup-shaped or lacking.
Subsect. Sarcopholis: stipe scales conform or setiferous, thick and fleshy at the base, upcurved, tapering and flat distally; pinnules not deeply lobed, costules widely spaced, basal basiscopic vein always from costa; thick, spreading hairs may be present; indusium +/- cup-shaped or lacking.
Species in Papuasia
Key to the sections and subsections:
| 1a. | Stipe scales flabelloid, several rows of marginal cells of different texture, often erose; hairs on the lower surface if present , crisped and appressed; pinnules in most cases deeply lobed, the basal basiscopic vein rarely from the costa; indusium in some cases hemitelioid or incompletely surrounding the receptacle (subg. Cyathea) | 2 |
| Stipe scales setiferous, with dark marginal bristles; hairs on lower surface if present rather thick and spreading; where pinnules are shallowly lobed, basiscopic vein always from costa; indusia complete or lacking, or formed by separate scales (in some cases imperfect, then not hemitelioid) | (subg. Sphaeropteris)
3 | |
| 2a. | Indusiate (indusia in some cases very small), or if exindusiate, hairy on lower surface of pinna-rachis; axes not very dark, little dimorphism between sterile and fertile pinnules | Sect. Cyathea |
| Exidusiate; axes very dark, not hairy beneath; fertile and sterile pinnules usually very dimorphous | Sect. Gymosphaera | |
| 3a. | Costules not widely spaced (rarely over 4 mm apart in pinnules 10 cm long); pinnules usually more than 10 cm long, lobed almost or quite to costa throughout, or fully pinnate | (sect. Sphaeropteris)
4 |
| Costules widely spaced (at least 4 mm apart except where pinnules are under 4 cm long), pinnules mostly less than 10 cm long, not lobed to within 1 mm of the costa except near the base; basal basiscopic vein always from costa | (sect. Schizochaena)
5 | |
| 4a. | Free tertiary leaflets few; indusia present or absent; sori never covered with overlapping scales | Sect. Sphaeropteris subsect. Sphaeropteris |
| Free tertiary leaflets many; no indusia, the sori covered by overlapping scales | Sect Sphaeropteris subsect. Fourniera | |
| 5a. | Scales of stipe 1 cell thick throughout (not in Papusia) | Sect. Schizocaena subsect. Schizocaena |
| Scales of stipe thick and fleshy at the base, tapering and flat distally | Sect. Schizocaena subsect. Sarcopholis |
Subgen Cyathea sect. Cyathea
Species in Papuasia
| 1a. | Pinnules not over 30 mm long; segments constricted at the base or the lower ones quite free | 2 |
| Pinnules longer, or if under 30 mm long, then without free basal segments | 9 | |
| 2a. | Lower surface of pinna-rachis bearing crisped hairs | 3 |
| Lower surface of pinna-rachis not hairy | 7 | |
| 3a. | Sori lacking indusia | C. lepidoclada |
| Sori indusiate, the indusium cup-shaped or incompletely surrounding the receptacle (hemitelioid) | 4 | |
| 4a. | Indusium hemitelioid | C. nothofagorum |
| Indusium cup-shaped | 5 | |
| 5a. | Bullate scales present on pinna-rachis and/or costae | 6 |
| Bullate scales lacking from pinna-rachis and/or costae | C. hunsteiniana | |
| 6a. | Pinnules to c. 30 mm long | C. microphylloides |
| Pinnules to c.15 mm long | C. perpelvigera | |
| 7a. | Largest pinnae 8.5 cm long; pinnules to 11 mm long | C. arfakensis |
| Largest pinnae 22-26 cm long; pinnules 23-30 mm long | 8 | |
| 8a. | Stipe 30 cm long; pinna-rachis glabrescent; sori 4-5 to each tertiary leaflet | C. ledermannii |
| Stipe 10 cm long, pinna-rachis covered with sma;ll bullate scales; a single sorus at the base of each tertiary leaflet | C. hooglandii | |
| 9a. | (1) Indusium an entire cup with an even edge at maturity of sorus, if fragile sometimes breaking later | 10 |
| Indusium otherwise or lacking | 19 | |
| 10a. | Lower surface of lamina segments almost or quite covered with scales or hairs | 11 |
| Lower surface of lamina segments not so-covered | 12 | |
| 11a. | Small scales abundant on lower surface of veins; costal scales mostly bearing dark setae | C. percrassa |
| Crisped hairs on lower surface of veins; costal scales bearing many slender crisped marginal hairs | C. vandersenii | |
| 12a. | Lower surface of lamina strongly glaucous | C. pruinosa |
| Lower surface of lamina not glaucous | 13 | |
| 13a. | Bullate scales present on pinna-rachis and/or costae | 14 |
| Bullate scales present on pinna-rachis and/or costae | 14 | |
| 14a. | No fine crisped hairs on lower surface of pinna-rachis, nor on the edges of its scales | C. pvcnoneura |
| Fine crisped hairs present on pinna-rachis or on its scales | 15 | |
| 15a. | Indusial cup shallow; small scales on pinna-rachis bearing very fine hairs; no coarse crisped hairs; bullate scales only on distal part of pinna-rachis | C. rigens |
| Indusial cup deep; crisped hairs, not small fringed scales, also bullate scales present on pinna-rachis | C. everta | |
| 16a. | Lower surface of pinna-rachis covered with crisped hairs | C. cincinnata |
| Lower surface of pinna-rachis lacking such hairs | 17 | |
| 17a. | Pinna-rachis almost glabrescent on lower surface | C. subtripinnata |
| Pinna-rachis persistently sclay on lower surface | 18 | |
| 18a. | Scales on pinna-rachis mostly narrow, 4-5 mm long, with long flexuous marginal setae; stipe over 20 cm long | C. costalisora |
| Scales on pinna-rachis mostly very small, thin, short-fringed, mostly not setiferous, forming a continuous felt | C. coactilis | |
| 19a. | (9) Indusium at maturity an almost flat disk, symmetric or not, in some cases hidden by the mature sorus, in some cases the residual part of a complete indusium of which the thin apical part falls away at maturity. | 20 |
| Indusium otherwise or lacking | 28 | |
| 20a. | Indusium a very narrow wing around the base of the receptacle | 21 |
| Indusium ultimately a regular or irregular disc, almost or quite as big as the base of the sorus; if irregular then usually the base of a formerly complete indusium | 23 | |
| 21a. | Scales on costae bullate-based | C. parva |
| Scales on costae flat or lacking, not bullate | 22 | |
| 22a. | Broad flat scales with a few marginal setae on costae. | C. wengiensis |
| Broad flat setiferosus scales lacking on costae | C. batjanensis | |
| 23a. | Indusium at maturity a disc with a fairly even edge | 24 |
| Indusium at first covering sorus, the apical part very thin and caducous, an irregular disc remaining on the old sorus | 26 | |
|
24a. |
Pinna-rachis hairy on the lower surface, at least distally | C. albidosquamata |
| Pinna-rachis not hairy on lower surface | 25 | |
| 25a. | Scales on stipe dark; scales on pinna-rachis bullate. | C. catillifera |
| Scales on stipe pale; scales on pinna-rachis not bullate, the larger ones dwith marginal setae | C horridula | |
| 26a. | Pinna-rachis hairy on lower surface, at lest distally | C. tenuicaulis |
| Pinna-rachis not hairy on lower surface | 27 | |
| 27a. | Fronds simply pinnate, pinnae to 7x1.8cm, lobed to c.2 mm from costa | C. klossii |
| Fronds bipinnate | C. rubiginosa | |
| 28a. | (19) Indusium covering sorus to maturity, then breaking and persistent | 29 |
| Indusium hemitelioid (sometimes almost covering sorus to maturity, sometimes very small), or lacking | 41 | |
| 29a. | Pinna-rachis conspicuously hairy and scaly on lower surface | C. geluensis |
| Pinna-rachis not hairy, though sometimes scaly on lower surface | 30 | |
| 30a. | Lamina very rigid, the small tertiary lobes with the edges much reflexed so that the sori are almost enclosed | 31 |
| Lamina not very rigid with strongly reflexed edges | 32 | |
| 31a. | Larger tertiary leaflets lobed, each with 3-5 sori | C. macgregorii |
| Tertiary leaflets not lobed, each with 1-2 sori | C. gleichenioides | |
| 32a. | Pinnules to 2.5 cm long, less than 10 mm wide | C. imbricata |
| Pinnules at least 40 x 10mm, in most cases most larger | 33 | |
| 33a. | Largest pinnules more than 100 x 20mm; costules 5 mm or more apart | C. insulana |
| Largest pinnules not over 100 x 20mm; costules 304.5 mm apart | 34 | |
| 34a. | Pinnules c.45 x 10mm, very rigid; stipe scales rigid, c. 40x1mm | C. pseudomuelleri |
| Pinnules commonly more than 65 x 15mm; stipe scales otherwise | 35 | |
| 35a. | Costae and costules densely scaly; scales mostly setiferous, not bullate; inna-rachis persistently covered with very small setiferous scales | 36 |
| Costae and costules bearing scales that arem ostly not setiferous; pinna-rachis glabrescent or its scales not seiferous | C. foersteri | |
| 36a. | Veins bearing scales on the lower surface | 37 |
| Veins lacking scales on lower surface | 40 | |
| 37a. | Stipe 5-15cm, the lowest pinnae 5-12 cm long | 39 |
| Stipe 50 cm or more long | C. archboldii
38 | |
| 38a. | Stipe with pale brown scales and short spines; setiferous scales common on veins | C. archboldii var. archboldii |
| Stipe with dark brown scales and spines to 2.5 cm long; scales on veins few and not setiferous | C. archboldii var. horrida | |
| 39a. | Larger scales on pinna-rachis pale; veins dark and raised on lower surface | C. foersteri |
| Larger scales on pinna-rachis with dark median band; veins concolorous, not raised below | C. nigrolineata | |
| 40a. | Larger scales on pinna rachis pale | C. foersteri |
| Larger scales on pinna rachis with a dark median band | C. nigrolineata | |
| 41a. | (28) Indusium lacking | 42 |
| Indusium hemitelioid, of varying size, sometimes hidden by sorus | 46 | |
| 42a. | Fronds simple pinnate, or bipinnate with small pinnules lobed halfway to costa | 43 |
| Fronds bipinnate, pinnules more deeply lobed | 44 | |
| 43a. | Fronds simply pinnate | C. ascendens |
| Fronds bipinnate, pinnules c.30 mm long | C. recurvata | |
| 44a. | Pinna-rachis densely covered with long tangled pale crisped hairs and narrow scales on the lower surface | C. eriophora |
| Pinna-rachis rather sparsely hairy on the lower surface | 45 | |
| 45a. | Sori near costules; dark hairs present on costules beneath | C. gregaria |
| Sori medial or nearly so; no dark hairs on costules beneath | C. macgillivrayi | |
| 46a. | (41) Lamina segments, both sterile and fertile, lobed at least half-way to costule, the veins often pinnate in the lobes | 47 |
| Sterile lamina segments not deeply lobed, the lateral veins in the segments not pinnate | 48 | |
| 47a. | Paraphyses longer than sporangia; thick hairs abundant on lower surface of costae and costules | C. croftii |
| Paraphyses shorter than sporangia; thick hairs few or sometimes lacking on lower surface of costae and costules | C. decurrens | |
| 48a. | Pinna-rachis densely hairy throughout lower surface | C. cucullifera |
| Pinna rachis hairy at most on the distal part (may be scaly throughout) | 49 | |
| 49a. | Indusium entirely brown and rather firm, entirely covering sorus at maturity, breaking only when old | 50 |
| Indusium in part pale and fragile, breaking at maturity, or not entirely covering sorus | 51 | |
| 50a. | Stipe scales c.50 mm long, shiny brown; costae almost glabrous; pinnules c.50 mm long | C. muelleri |
| Stipe scales 25-30 mm long, pale; costae very scaly; pinnules to 100 mm long | C. pachyrrhachis | |
| 51a. | Indusium visible as a scale backing costule, not entirely hidden by sorus | 52 |
| Indusium very small, +/- hidden by sporangia | 53 | |
| 52a. | Indusium more than a semicircle, concave towards the sorus and sometimes covering part of the sorus to maturity | C dicksonioides |
| Indusium not more than a semicircle, reflexed against costule at maturity | C. semiamplectens | |
| 53a. | Pinnules commonly more than 20 mm wide | C. glaberrima |
| Pinnules commonly not more than 20 mm wide | 54 | |
| 54a. | Pinna-rachis rather densely covered with bullate scales | 55 |
| Pinna rachis not so-covered | 56 | |
| 55a. | Pinnules c.30x 10mm | C. physolepidota |
| Pinnules c.90x 19mm | C. alta | |
| 56a. | Scales on costae and costules all flat, or at most convex | 57 |
| Scales on costules bullate, some bullate scales often on costae | 59 | |
| 57a. | Lower pinnules stalked; no hairs on pinna-rachis and costae | 58 |
| Lower pinnules sessile; hairs present on pinna-rachis and costae | C. wengiensis | |
| 58a. | Lowest 1-2 pairs of segments quite free and articulate; lamina thick and rigid | C. kanehirae |
| Lowest segmetns, several pairs, contracted at the base but not free; lamina not thick | C. nigropaleata | |
| 59a. | Stipe 20-25 cm long, the basal pinnae gradually reduced in size; pinnules 10-15 mm wide, costules 2-3.5 mm apart | C. media |
| Stipe c.90 cm long, with a pair of reduced basal pinnae c.15 cm above the base; pinnules 15-20 mm wide, costules c.5 mm apart | C. solomonensis |
Subgen. Cyathea sect. Gymnosphaera
Species in Papuasia
| 1a. | Fronds simply pinnate with entire pinnae (sterile), or bipinnate with few pinnae and almost entire sterile pinnules; in either case the true apex of the frond short and abortive , evident above the attachment of the uppermost pinna | 2 |
| Fronds at least bipinnate, with a normal apex | 3 | |
| 2a. | Fertile pinnules lobed almost or quite to costa | C. biformis |
| Fertile pinnules only slightly lobed | C. scandens | |
| 3a. | Scales on lower surface of costules bullate | 4 |
| Scales on lower surface of costules not bullate | 6 | |
| 4a. | Bullate scales present on lower surface of veins of sterile pinnules | C. hornei |
| Bullate scales lacking on veins | 5 | |
| 5a. | Pinnules to 110 x 30mm, cut to 2 mm from costa; costules of sterile pinnules to 6 mm apart | C. rubella |
| Pinnules to 70 x 20mm, cut to within 1 mm from costa; costules of sterile pinnules to 4.5 mm apart | C. macgillivrayi | |
| 6a. | Costal scales not setiferous | C. acrostichoides |
| Costal scales bearing many setae | C. schlechteri |
Subg. Sphaeropteris sect. Sphaeropter is subsect. Sphaeropteris
Species in Papuasia
| 1a. | Indusium present | 2 |
| Indusium lacking | 4 | |
| 2a. | Base of stipe covered with thin, pale scalers to 35 x 1 mm | C. whitmeei |
| Base of stipe bearing many bristles 10-20 mm long, spreading at right angles | 3 | |
| 3a. | Slender hairs 1 mm long abundant on costae, costules and veins beneath | C. pulcherrima |
| Such hairs lacking, at most much shorter hairs present towards the apex of pinnules | C. procera | |
| 4a. | Scales of stipe base to 50 mm or more long, shining medium brown, rigid edges bearing rather long concolorous setae; lamina very rigid, the edges stongly reflexed and inrolled | 5 |
| Scales of stipe base mostly shorter, often not rigid and pale, the edges mostly bearing close dark setae; edges of lamina rarely much reflexed, then not inrolled. | 7 | |
| 5a. | Pinnules to 30 mm long; sacles on stipe base 2 mm wide; pinna-rachis rather persistently covered with a felt of small, pale fringed scales; scales on costusles bearing pale, crisped marginal hairs | C. tomentosissima |
| Pinnules 45-80 mm long; scales on stipe base 3-5 mm wide; pinna-rachis not persistently or densely so-covered; scales on costules often bearing long, dark setae (C. atrox) | 6 | |
| 6a. | Stipe bearing many dark shiny spines 3-6 mm long; pinnules to 80 mm long | C. atrox var. atrox |
| Stipe lacking spines; pinnules commonly to 45 mm long. | C. atrox var. inermis | |
| 7a. | Upper part of stipe and all rachises finely and very closely warty; bullate scales always present on costules | 8 |
| Upper part of stipe and rachises thorny or conspicuously warty, the warts not very fine or close; bullate scales present or not | 10 | |
| 8a. | Long pale hairs normally lacking on lower surface of costae and costules, present on upper surface of costules; no setiferous scales on costae | C. felina |
| Long pale hairs always rather abundant distally on the lower surface of costae and costules, lacking or very few on upper surface of costules; setiferous scales present, at least near base of costules | 9 | |
| 9a. | Bullate scales abundant on lower surfae of veins; stipe scales to 15 x 3mm, very think | C. vittata |
| Bullate scales lacking or rare on lower surface of veins; stipe scales mostly longer and proportionately narrower | C. lunulata | |
| 10a. | Scales on constules abundant, copiously fringed with long, crisped hairs which become entangled and form a wolly covering | C. magna |
| Scales on costules not thus fringed | 11 | |
| 11a. | Bullate scales present on lower surface of costae and costules | 12 |
| Bullate scales lacking on lower surface of costae and costules | 15 | |
| 12a. | Copious long hairs also on lower surface of veins | C pilulifera |
| Long hairs lacking on lower surface of veins or only at vein tips | (C. aenifolia)
13 | |
| 13a. | Frond 175-250 cm long, stipe 50-60 cm long; largest pinnae 30-60 cm long; longest pinnules 7-12 cm long; costules 3-4.5 mm apart | 14 |
| Frond to 425 cm long, stipe 200 cm long; largest pinnae 70c. long; longest pinnules 13.5 cm long; costules 5 mm apart | C. aenifolia var. macrophylla | |
| 14a. | Stipe scales 30-60 x 3.5mm, pale brown | C. enifolia var. aenifolia |
| Stipe to 15x2 mm long, dark brown | C. aenifolia var. melanocantha | |
| 15a. | Pale erect hairs abundant on lower surface of veins | 16 |
| Pale erect hairs absent or rare (then near apices of segments) on lower surfaces of veins | 17 | |
| 16a. | Costae bearing many much-setiferous scales; pinnules to 20 mm wide | C. engiensis |
| Costae bearing very few scales; pinnules commonly 20-30 mm wide | C. contaminans | |
| 17a. | Setiferous scales abundant on costae; small scales present on lower surface of veings; no stout hairs on lower surface of costae | 18 |
| Setiferous scales lacking or rare on lower surface of costae of mature fronds; no scales on lower surface of veins; stout pale hairs present near apices on lower surface of costae | C. contaminans | |
| 18a. | Stipe scales 5 mm wide; pinnules to 25 mm wide; veins 13-15 pairs | C. atrospinosa |
| Stipe scales 2 mm wide; pinnules to 35 mm wide; veins to 20 pairs | C. fugax |
Subg. Shaeropteris sect. Sphaeropteris subsect. Fourniera
Species in Papuasia
| 1a. | Pinnules 30-40 mm long; lower pinnae gradually reduced | 2 |
| Pinnules commonly at least 70 mm long; in most cases much longer | 3 | |
| 2a. | Tertiary leaflets on stalks almost 1 mm long; pinnae to 25 cm long; bullate scales present on costules | C. carrii |
| Tertiary leaflets almost sessile; pinnae to 4-5 cm long, no bullate scales present on costusles | C. womerslevi | |
| 3a. | Lower pinnae gradually reduced, the lowest c. 11 cm long near the base of the stipe | C. auriculifera |
| Lower pinnae not thus reduced (sometimes 1-2 pairs of isolated small pinnae at the base of the stipe | 4 | |
| 4a. | Bullate scales present on costae and costules | 5 |
| Bullate scales lacking | 6 | |
| 5a. | Soral scales small, not covering sorus to maturity | C. truncata |
| Soral scales large, covering sorus to maturity | C. aciculosa | |
| 6a. | Veins and lower surface of lamina bearing finely fringed interlacing scales which cover the lower surface of the leaflets | C. celebica |
| Veins bearing at most all separate scales on lower surface | (C. macrophylla)
7 | |
| 7a. | Stipe to at least 40 cm long; tertiary leaflets to 15 x 3.5mm, the larger ones deeply lobed at the base | C. macrophylla var. macrophylla |
| Stipe c.10 cm long; largest tertiary leaflets 18 mm long, all deeply lobed | C. macrophylla var. quadripinnata |
Subg. Sphaeropteris sect. Schizocaena subsect. Sarcopholis
Species in Papuasia
| 1a. | Pinna-rachis hairy on lower surface | 2 |
| Pinna-rachis not hairy on lower surface | 3 | |
| 2a. | Scales on costae setiferous | C. fusca |
| Scales on costae not setiferous | C. rosenstockii | |
| 3a. | Indusium quite lacking | C. marginata |
| Indusium present | 4 | |
| 4a. | Pinnules on stalks to 6 mm long; stipe to 60 cm long | C. papuana |
| Pinnules sessile or on much shortened stalks; stipe much shorter | 5 | |
| 5a. | Pinnules to 35 mm wide, the longer ones with lowest 1-2 lamina segments free; no bullate scales | C. inaequalis |
| Pinnules rarely over 25 mm wide, lowest segments not free; bullate scales usually present on costules | 6 | |
| 6a. | Pinnules lobed only in the basal half | C. parvipinna |
| Pinnules deeply lobed throughout | 7 | |
| 7a. | Pinnules not over 20 mm wide, lobed to c3 mm from costa | C. werneri |
| Pinnules of largest pinnae in most cases over 20 mm wide, lobed to 1-2 mm from costa | 8 | |
| 8a. | Scales of costae and costules bullate, mostly entire | C. insularum |
| Scales on costae mostly small and fringed or setiferous; bullate scales on costae and costules mostly fringed | 9 | |
| 9a. | Pinnules of largest pinnae 22-28 mm wide | 10 |
| Pinnules of largest pinnae less than 20 mm wide | C. moseleyi | |
| 10a. | Stipe greater than 25 cm long; all pinnules lobed to 1 mm from costa; costules 5-6 mm apart, veins c.10 pairs | C. brackenridgei |
| Stipe shorter; lowest segments of pinnules free, the rest lobed to 2 mm from costa; costules 6-7 mm apart, veins c. 8 pairs | C. runensis |